托福阅读一直都是中国考生的短板，但是如果你想去一所优越的大学你就不能放弃，今天小编先来讲一下托福阅读一共多少题?了解题型了我们才能更好地备考。
托福阅读题型有哪些?
题目类型包括：图表题schematic table，篇章总结题prose summary从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子，词汇题vocabulary在一定的上下文中，指代关系题 reference，简化句子题sentence simplification，插入文本题insert text，事实信息题factualinformation，推断题inference，修辞目的题rhetorical purpose以及否定排除题negative factual information例如，下列各项均正确除……之外。在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都检查一遍。
下面我们来看下具体的评分转换标准如下：
原始分=最终得分
42--41=30
40--39=27--30
38=28
37--36=26--28
35--33=25--27
32=23--25
31--30=22-24
29=20--22
28--27=19--22
26=19--21
25--24=18--21
23=16--18
22--21=15--18
20=14--16
19--17=12--16
16--15=9--15
14=9--13
13--12=5--13
11=3--13
10--9=0--13
8=0--11
7--1=0--4
托福阅读TPO32第1篇:Plant Colonization
（1）Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized byplants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving. Successin colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization—a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing speciesor reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertilesite is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas aneighboring construction site from which the soil has beencompacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or evenyears despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.
（2）Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species. Pioneer species—those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization—tend to havehigh rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules seeds, spores, and so on and because they have an efficient means of dispersal normally, wind.
（3）If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plantsdepend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching theappropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammalsor those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. Forexample, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinatedfrom this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization ofsuch sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor.
（4）An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination the beginning of a seed's growth. Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range ofgermination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularly important for speciesthat colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.
（5）Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of aspecies. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a siteare those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lowerinvasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequentstage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.
1.According to paragraph 1, how does disturbance of a site influence its colonization by a plant species?
A.Disturbance reduces or eliminates competition by other species.
B.Disturbance increases negative interactions with other organisms on the site.
C.Disturbance prevents a plant species from colonizing a new site.
D.Disturbance reduces the fertility of a site.
2.The word "virtually" in the passage paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.almost totally.
B.unusually.
C.consistently.
D.unnaturally.
3.Why does the author mention a plowed field and a construction site in the passage?
A.To argue that sites that have been affected by human activity tend to be colonized slowly.
B.To illustrate the kind of sites that may be invaded by weeds.
C.To contrast sites in terms of their suitability for colonization.
D.To explain that exposing or compacting the soil results in successful colonization.
4.The word "despite"paragraph 1 in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.without.
B.almost never.
C.even though.
D.perhaps.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.
A.The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where they reproduce very efficiently.
B.Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that are dispersed effectively.
C.Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages of their colonization.
D.Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produce very large number of seeds.
6.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the reason that large seeds are dispersed by birds or small animals rather than by wind?
A.Large seeds are easier for birds and animals to see than are the small seeds dispersed by the wind.
B.Large seeds are too heavy for the wind to disperse.
C.Large seeds cannot be eaten by birds and animals.
D.Large seeds are short-lived and thus require a more efficient means of dispersal than small seeds do.
7.The phrase "the latter adaptation" in the passage paragraph 3 refers to
A.producing fewer seeds.
B.producing larger seeds.
C.dispersal by birds and small mammals.
D.producing long-lived seeds.
8.The word "viable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A.able to survive.
B.individual.
C.large.
D.remaining.
9.The example of the 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in paragraph to illustrates which of the following ideas?
A.It is uncommon for older seed to germinate.
B.Pioneer species tend to prefer forest floors for colonization purposes.
C.Long-lived seeds of pioneer species can successfully germinate over long periods of time.
D.Coastal British Columbia is particularly suited for pioneer species to develop.
10.According to paragraph 4, how do plants manage to germinate in areas with great climatic diversity and climatic extremes?
A.By producing seeds only during favorable climatic conditions.
B.By generating large numbers of seeds.
C.By colonizing only those areas where other plants have survived.
D.By producing seeds that have a wide range of germination dates.
11.The word "abundant〃 in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A.new.
B.improved.
C.suitable.
D.plentiful.
12.According to paragraph 5, which of the following determines the sequence in which plant species will colonize a site?
A.The extent of growth of a species on a prior site before it begins to colonize a secondary site.
B.The differences in invasion and growth rates across species.
C.The degree of fertility of a site.
D.The kind of disturbance that the site has undergone.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where does the sentence best fit? They require relatively little protection ornutrients.
Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of aspecies.■（A）Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession.■（B）The species that are first to colonize asite are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.■（C）Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species withlower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of thesubsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates.■（D）
14. Prose Summary
The ecology of a site is changed through its colonization by new plants that arrive and grow there.
A.The species that first colonize a disturbed site are typically ones that produce a large number of efficiently dispersed seeds.
B.Plants that cannot successfully compete with other species can invade and colonize a site only if it is fertile and moist, such as a plowed field.
C.Pioneer species arrive at a site first but have lower survival rates than do species that arrive later.
D.Producing seeds that germinate at various times over long periods allows some plants to colonize sites that only occasionally present the right conditions for growth.
E.Large, long-lived seeds tend to result in large seed banks with short germination periods requiring favorable environmental conditions for development.
F.The successive appearance and disappearance of species on a site is a result of variation in species' rates of invasion, growth, and survival.
托福阅读答案
1.第1段第4句话，通过火灾和砍伐的干涉要么消除竞争对手要么降低竞争的强度。
2.virtually表示"实际上，几乎", 程度上对应almost totally。
3.第一段第5、6句话，肥沃的土地植物入侵的速度快，反之亦然。
4.despite 尽管，对应even though 尽管/即使。
5.原句强调了先锋物种入侵速度快的两个原因，一是能够产生大量可繁殖的种子，二是拥有有效的传播途径。原句和fertile sites没有关系，A错;C没有提到种子的繁殖力; D没有提到传播途径，只有B满足原句的条件。
6.第3段第2，3句：小种子通常靠风传播，大种子由鸟和动物实现传播。
7.the latter adaptation，后一种适应性，段落开头讲的是短命种子，所以后一种适应性是指长命种子。
8.viable，有生命力的，对应A。
9.该例子的前一句话为观点句, 例子是为了说明观点，即长命种子在森林地面上很繁荣。
10.该段的第1句话，发芽时间的变化。
11.abundant，表示"丰富的"，对应D。
12.该段第二句话，succession 对应colonize a site。
13.they指代species. 原句说该物种的生存要求很低，就意味着他们更能存活，原句接下去可能阐述该物种如何靠着该优势来侵占土地繁殖。
14.A选项: 对应第2段的核心意思，第2句话;
B选项: 原文中没有明确说明的信息;
C选项: 违背原文意思，第三段最后一句;
D选项: 对应第4段的核心意思;
E选项: requiring favorable environmental conditions for development是原文中没有明确说明的信息;
F选项: 对应第5段的核心意思。
